ca.1895 French photochrom IMPRISONED BRIGANDS IN CHAINS, MADAGASCAR (#448)

Description: ca.1895 French photochrom IMPRISONED BRIGANDS IN CHAINS, MADAGASCAR (#448) Photochrom titled Types fahavalos, prisonniers aux fers, page size 24 x 31 cm, image size 15.5 x 22 cm. From: Autour du Monde - Aquarelles - Souvenirs de Voyages, Paris, L. Boulanger, editeur. Click image or here to view larger version Photochrom Photochrom (also called the AÃ¤c process) prints are colorized images produced from black-and-white photographic negatives via the direct photographic transfer of a negative onto lithographic printing plates. The process is properly considered a photographic variant of chromolithography, a broader term referring to color lithography in general. History The process was invented in the 1880s by Hans Jakob Schmid (1856â€“1924), an employee of the Swiss company Orell Gessner FÃ¼ssli, a printing firm with a history extending back into the 16th century. FÃ¼ssli founded the stock company Photochrom ZÃ¼rich (later Photoglob ZÃ¼rich AG) as the business vehicle for the commercial exploitation of the process and both FÃ¼ssli and Photoglob continue to exist today. From the mid 1890s on the process was licensed by other companies including the Detroit Photographic Company in the US and the Photochrom Company of London. The photochrom process was most popular in the 1890s, when true color photography was first being developed but was still commercially impractical. In 1898 the US Congress passed the Private Mailing Card Act which allowed private publishers to produce postcards. These could be mailed for one cent each â€” the letter rate at the time was two cents. Thousands of photochrom prints, usually of cities or landscapes, were created and sold as postcards and it is in this format that photochrom reproductions became most popular. The Detroit Photographic Company reportedly produced as many as seven million photochrom prints in some years, and ten to thirty thousand different views were offered. After World War One, which brought an end to the craze for collecting Photochrom postcards, the chief use of the process was printing posters and art reproductions, and the last Photochrom printer operated up to 1970. Process A tablet of lithographic limestone, known as a "litho stone," is coated with a light-sensitive coating, comprising a thin layer of purified bitumen dissolved in benzene. A reversed half-tone negative is then pressed against the coating and exposed to daylight for a period of 10 to 30 minutes in summer, up to several hours in winter. The image on the negative allows varying amounts of light to fall on different areas of the coating, causing the bitumen to harden and become resistant to normal solvents in proportion to the amount of light that falls on it. The coating is then washed in turpentine solutions to remove the unhardened bitumen and retouched in the tonal scale of the chosen color to strengthen or soften the tones as required. Each tint is applied using a separate stone bearing the appropriate retouched image. The finished print is produced using at least six, but more commonly from 10 to 15, tint stones. Buyer pays shipping at cost. I prefer payment by PayPal, but I'll also accept any other payment method and currency (except direct payment by credit card) that is convenient for buyer. I combine shipping of multiple items. IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT SHIPPING: Price quoted with auction is for surface mail to European countries. Please don't pay before you receive invoice from me. If shipping address is within Europe I recommend surface mail, you don't gain much time with airmail, it is just more expensive.

Price: 20.01 USD

Location: Zagreb, Croatia

End Time: 2025-01-10T06:29:30.000Z

Shipping Cost: 12.5 USD